Subvisual | Plug-based authorisation for Elixir and Phoenix

Some years ago, most of us here at Subvisual got really-perhaps-a-bit-too-much into Elixir. Ever since then, whenever we are free to choose the technology to work with, we've pretty much been going Elixir all the way.

We learned a lot. We laughed a lot. And I copy and pasted some code from different projects a lot. Don't tell the rest of the development team. Aaaaanyway, I finally got around to open sourcing the copy/pasted code and releasing it as a package.

I called this thingy Dictator. It implements a plug-based authorisation system and allows you dictate (get it??) what your users can access, by defining policies (hah! get it??). You can be as granular as you want and override pretty much everything. The philosophy behind it is to implement sane defaults but be easily overridable as well. You might even call it convention over configuration. Enough chit-chat, let's showcase it.

How to use the thing

very important pre-condition: it assumes you have a current_user or current_resource or similar in your conn.assigns

Dictator uses the concept of policy, which is a set of rules you implement to determine what actions your users can take. To do that, you just define a can?/3 function, which receives the current user as the first argument, the action (:new, :index, so on) as the second and finally the resource being accessed. Loading of all those is automagically handled for you.

Let's assume you want to define a Post policy:

# lib/client_web/policies/post.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post

  use Dictator.Policy, for: Post

  def can?(%User{id: user_id}, action, %Post{user_id: user_id})
    when action in [:edit, :update, :delete, :show], do: true
  def can?(_, action, _) when action in [:index, :new, :create], do: true
  def can?(_, _, _), do: false
end

In this scenario our users can update, edit and delete their own things. But anyone can index and create things, even if they don't belong to them. The last can?/3 function branch prevents users from editing, updating or deleting post that don't belong to them.

This scenario is so common across different resources and projects I had, that I extracted it to a Standard policy. To do the above, you can just do the following:

# lib/client_web/policies/post.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post

  use Dictator.Policies.Standard, for: Post
end

This is a prime example of what I had in mind when building and extracting the code from previous projects: implement the most common use cases and allow edge cases to be overridden.

Once you have defined a policy, simply plug in Dictator.Plug.Authorize and it will even infer the policy to use (provided some details explained below, but we'll get to that)

# lib/client_web/controllers/post_controller.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.PostController do
  use ClientWeb, :controller

  plug Dictator.Plug.Authorize

  # ...
end

Tadaaaaaaa. Half-a-dozen lines of code and you're already bossing around your users. Screw the user is always right, we dictatin' everything 'round 'ere.

Well, it seems that so far Dictator does a lot of magic behind the scenes, but fear not. We'll go through how it loads resources, how it figures out the correct policy, how it determines which action the user is attempting and how we can override the stuff it uses. You and me, on a magic trip across the Land Of Code as if we were building dictator from scratch.

How the thing loads resources

The first thing we need to do when enforcing a policy is to figure what the hell we are dealing with. This means figuring out what resource the user wants to access, what action they want to take and what specific policy decides if they can or cannot perform said action.

So let's start with getting the correct resource. The first piece of the puzzle we need is the module that defines the resource being accessed. Well, that's easy, when defining the policy the developer needs to specify what resource it is referring to:

defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post

  use Dictator.Policy, for: Post

  # ...
end

Nice work! What a team you and me are! So now we need to get the correct repo. If you dive into policy.ex, you'll figure out how much of lazy cheaters you and me are. We try two things and then give up.

First we try to use the namespace and see if that module exists (get_repo_from_namespace/1). If you are defining a policy for Client.Content.Post most of the time you'll have a Client.Repo. So let's just check if that exists and hope for the best. If that doesn't work, well, we can just use the :ecto_repo config that we are required to have when using Ecto and hope there is only one Repo defined (get_repo_from_application/1).

Sometimes this isn't the case. Sometimes our web apps need multiple repos or we even accidentally choose the wrong one (e.g. in the first scenario, if the developer has defined multiple repos we may end up with the wrong one). We really can't figure out what the developer wants in those cases. Instead let's just be lazy, raise an error and ask the developer to specify the repo via the :repo key:

defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post

  use Dictator.Policy, for: Post, repo: Client.MyFunkyWeirdRepo

  # ...
end

At this point we have the repo and module for the resource the user is trying to access. We also know the params of the HTTP call. So now we just need to call repo.get(module, params["id"]). Now, this assumes the resource has a primary key named id. For the large majority of the resources we code, this happens to be true and we can default to that. However, developers like to get picky and use different primary keys. We'll need to accept a :key option:

defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post

  use Dictator.Policy, for: Post, key: :uuid

  # ...
end

Note that this assumes the key has the same name in the HTTP call params hash. If we have id as the primary key, we expect the params hash to be %{"id" => id}. If it's uuid, we expect it to be %{"uuid" => uuid}. This logic is defined in the load_resource/1 function.

But, we, developers, like to complicate things. Sometimes the primary key might be uuid but the HTTP param might be named something different. Sometimes we like to feel smart and have composite primary keys. Well, that's too much of a hassle to handle and there are way too many edge cases. Let's just allow the load_resource/1 function to be overridable and say "heh, developers can handle it":

defmodule ClientWeb.Policies.Post do
  alias Client.Content.Post
  alias Client.Repo

  use Dictator.Policy, for: Post

  def load_resource(params) do
	  Repo.get_by(Post, uuid: params["uuid"], id: params["id"])
  end

  # ...
end

You can notice we allow the function to be overridden in the same policy.ex file and the defoverridable call.

Let's recap. At this point we know how to find repos, load resources and we've allowed developers that use our library to have a bunch of options when use-ing Dictator.Policy:

:repo allows them to specify which repo to use to load resources.
:key allows them to specify a different primary key for the resource.
load_resource/1 is overridable to allow complex queries.

Time to move along to how this Dictator thingy calls the police.

How the thing calls the police policy

The next step on our tour is a detour (get it?? I'm on fire today) to plug/authorize.ex, specifically the extract_policy_module/1 function. The trick to inferring the correct policy is very obvious: use private Phoenix stuff that may or may not be in the documentation and get the controller from that. Obviously. We then use that to generate the policy module. If the controller is ClientWeb.PostController, we'll transform it to ClientWeb.Policies.Post.

With that in mind, we can again rely on the developers to be picky and define shared policies or to want to reuse them or do weird developer stuff. Which means that they'll need an override option. Luckily we can easily arrange it. When we are plugging the policy into the controller, developers can provide a :policy key and we'll only call load_policy/1 if the key isn't present:

# lib/client_web/controllers/post_controller.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.PostController do
  use ClientWeb, :controller

  plug Dictator.Plug.Authorize, policy: ClientWeb.Policies.Content

  # ...
end

We've covered how to load resources and how to select the policy. But we're missing a couple of things: how to get the current user and how to get the action.

How the thing interacts with Phoenix

Starting with the current user, let's once again be lazy: we assume there's a current_user in the conn.assigns. Most of the time it will. Of course, them developers will not always call it that, so we can - guess what? - give them an overridable :resource_key option when they're plug-ing the policy in the controller. If your current user in conn.assigns is called current_resource, you can do:

# lib/client_web/controllers/post_controller.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.PostController do
  use ClientWeb, :controller

  plug Dictator.Plug.Authorize, resource_key: :current_resource

  # ...
end

All we need now is the action. authorize.ex has the answer for that: use private Phoenix stuff, again. conn.private.phoenix_action, ez-pz.

For the sake of sanity, let's add one final option. :only which specifies the actions which to enforce the policy. By default, we enforce the policy to all them actions. But a developer might want to only call a policy for the create action:

# lib/client_web/controllers/post_controller.ex
defmodule ClientWeb.PostController do
  use ClientWeb, :controller

  plug Dictator.Plug.Authorize, only: [:new]

  # ...
end

We finally have the current user, the action they want to take, the policy to be enforced. All we have to do in our Authorize plug is to call policy.can?(user, action, resource) and if they can, return an unchanged conn. If not, well, 401 it and halt everything.

The logic for all these tricks is straightforward and the whole project boils down to two relevant modules (Dictator.Plug.Authorize and Dictator.Policy) with a staggering total of 141 lines of code. Isn't Elixir awesome?

Overrides for the Standard Policy

I mentioned in the beginning of this post that there's a very common scenario: when the developer wants to allow users to edit, update and delete their own resources and everyone to read or create new posts.

For that, Dictator comes bundled with the Dictator.Policies.Standard policy. However, this policy makes two assumptions:

the primary key of the user trying to access is id
the foreign key of the resource being accessed is user_id

Of course, this doesn't happen all the time. So when use-ing the Standard policy, developers have these corresponding override options:

owner_key (e.g. if your user has a uuid field as primary key instead of id).
foreign_key (e.g. if your resource has a manager_id instead of user_id as the foreign key in the relation).

In Summary

Lots of stuff happening, small number of codes. Elixir awesome. Demo here. Please contribute to project: subvisual/dictator.

Have a nice.

Mendes

If you enjoy my shenanigans, I usually say stuff on twitter. Drop by and say hi

PS: Looking to learn Elixir? We're having an Elixir workshop, 2h a day during 8 days. All proceedings from the workshop will be directed to fight COVID-19 and donated to a charity. Further details and tickets at: getgoing.subvisual.com